White and red wine production is the process also known as winemaking that produces wine by selecting grapes, making the wine in fermentation devices and bottling the finished product. Wine can be made through still winemaking which is a technique that excludes carbonation or through sparkling winemaking or carbonation. The science of tasting wine and winemaking is called enology.

Red winemaking requires the grapes to be fermented while they are in contact with their skins. This technique gives color and body to the wine, while white winemaking keeps the skins of the grapes away from the inside of the grapes. Red winemaking is made from the pulp of the black grapes. White grapes are priced for the fruit characteristics. Another type of winemaking was first introduced to the world by winemakers in the Champagne region of France. Sparkling wine production means that the wine will suffer a second carbon dioxide fermentation that will give the wine bubbles. Fortified wine production can make sweet or dry wine by adding spirit to the process. The most common spirit used is Brandy. If the spirit is added when the fermentation has ended, a dry Sherry wine will be produced, if the spirit is added during fermentation, the residual sugar will make a Port sweet wine.

Small wines production can be a very simple process for the inexperienced winemaker. He needs to achieve knowledge about salient stages and other methods that are characteristic for the wine making process and that determine the quality of the wine that will be created. Some winemaking procedures are fundamental and common for all types of winemaking. De-stemming the grapes means removing the grapes from their stems. After that, the grapes are placed inside grape pressers where they are crushed. This process will make wine must which is the liquid extracted from the grapes prior to the fermentation. Adding yeast is one of the most crucial components of winemaking because it facilitates the fermentation process that determines the quality of the resulted product. The final stage of the winemaking process is bottling the wine or keeping it in storage, waiting for it to age. All great winemakers started with small wines production, so every wine amateur that likes the idea should give it a try.

Some specific wine accessories are designed to improve the making of wine. A wine thief is a graded plastic pipette that helps the winemaker to taste the wine during the process of fermentation. A tastevin is silver cup or saucer that is used by winemakers when judging the quality, maturity and taste of wine. It was created by Burgundian winemakers to judge the color and clarity of the wine in cellars that only had candles to provide light. In modern electric wine cellars, wine accessories like a tastevin are practically useless. A wine aerator adds air into the wine, creating aeration.

The process of winemaking involves six basic steps like viticulture, harvesting, crushing, fermentation, clarifying the resulted solution and bottling. White and red wine production is a complex process for a professional winemaker, but average wine amateurs can try it at home if they keep up with essential guidelines.